The Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences № 3/2026. World Economy and international economic relations. 

JATS XML

Alena А. Milashevich

Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Associate Professor, Head of the Social and Consumer Services Sector, Institute of Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

ORCID: 0009-0002-3277-8274

REGULATING FOREIGN TRADE IN SERVICES: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

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This article examines the experience of the Republic of Belarus in regulating foreign trade in services. It analyzes the key multilateral regulatory acts within the GATS Agreement and the main documents of the national regulatory system that define the rules for international trade in services in the Republic of Belarus. The article systematizes: a) medical, educational, and tourism services in the Republic of Belarus depending on the delivery method; b) trade policy instruments for foreign trade in medical services; and c) types of restrictions on trade in services within the EAEU. Problems in regulating foreign trade in services are identified, and practical recommendations for each level of regulation are proposed for their solution.

Keywords: Republic of Belarus, foreign trade in services, government regulation, delivery methods, service exports, medical services, educational services, tourism services, restrictions, bilateral agreements.

JEL: F10, F42, K30

EDN: TQGPUO

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2026_3_157_178

References

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Manuscript submission date: 11.02.2026

Manuscript acceptance date: 28.05.2026

For citation:

Milashevich A.A. Regulating foreign trade in services: the experience of the Republic of Belarus // Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk. 2026. № 3. Pp. 157-178. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2026_3_157_178 EDN: TQGPUO

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The Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences № 2/2026. World Economy and international economic relations. 

JATS XML

Vladimir Yu. Salamatov

Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Cand. Sci. (Tech.), Professor, Director at the Institute of International Trade and Sustainable Development, Head of the Department of Commerce and Trade Regulation, Institute of International Trade and Sustainable Development, MGIMO University, Ministry of Foreign Aff airs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

ORCID: 0000-0002-6430-640X

Anna V. Tangaeva

Head of the Tariff Barriers and Market Access Department at the Research Center “International Trade and Integration”, Moscow, Russia

ORCID: 0000-0003-3319-2283

Anna A. Zharkova

Specialist at the Research Center “International Trade and Integration”, Moscow, Russia

ORCID: 0009-0006-5860-8555

RUSSIA AND FRIENDLY EAST AFRICAN COUNTRIES: THE POTENTIAL FOR TRADE AND ECONOMIC INTERACTION AND TRANSPORT CONNECTIVITY

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The article examines the prospects for developing trade and economic relations and trans- port and logistics connectivity between Russia and the countries of East Africa. Based on international trade statistics, key commodity groups and directions of mutual trade with containerization potential have been identified. Maritime and multimodal routes have been analyzed, revealing infrastructural limitations of ports and the railway network that hinder the formation of sustainable logistics chains. A SWOT analysis has been conducted, demonstrating a combination of significant market opportunities with high political, financial, and infrastructural risks. The analysis concludes that the most promising direction for Russia is integration into existing regional and trilateral formats of East Africa through alignment with Indian transport and logistics corridors and Mozambique’s ports. It is recommended to form multimodal supply chains taking into account risks for routes through the Suez Canal, with a focus on creating a sustainable container cargo base.

Keywords: East Africa, international trade, transport connectivity, containerization, Global South, logistics hubs, regional integration.

JEL: F14, O55, R40

EDN: VZLTYF

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2026_2_144_166

References

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Manuscript submission date: 09.02.2026

Manuscript acceptance date: 02.04.2026

For citation:

Salamatov V.Yu., Tangaeva A.V., Zharkova A.A. Russia and friendly East African countries: the potential for trade and economic interaction and transport connectivity // Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk. 2026. № 2 Pp. 144-166. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2026_2_144_166 EDN: VZLTYF

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The Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences № 3/2026. World Economy and international economic relations. 

JATS XML

Vladimir V. Eremin

Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Leading Researcher, Institute of Economic Policy and Economic Security Problems, Faculty of Economics and Business, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

ORCID: 0000-0002-2144-3543

Sergey N. Silvestrov

Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Professor, Honoured Economist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Institute of Economic Policy and Economic Security Problems, Faculty of Economics and Business, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

ORCID: 0000-0002-7678-1283

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE RADIO-ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES OF AFRICA AND SOUTH AMERICA

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The development of the radio-electronic industry is one of the factors driving economic growth in a modern state. In this study, the use the examples of Africa and South America – to show that the accumulated comparative advantages of the electronics industry do not pose a barrier to competitors and can be lost quite quickly. While a «late start» in the development of this industry is not a death sentence that a priori deprives the region of comparative advantages in this production. The study’s statistical data analysis revealed factors that enabled the comparative advantages of the African electronics industry, which was initially lagging behind, to surpass those of the South American industry, which initially had deeper competencies. The results allowed us to identify areas for the development of the Russian electronics industry that are necessary to increase its competitiveness on the global stage.

Keywords: electronic industry, comparative advantages, economic competitiveness, African economy, South American economy, foreign trade, international competition, economic specialization.

JEL: F11, F14, O54, O55, O57

EDN: OQUXXQ

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2026_3_133_156

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Manuscript submission date: 01.04.2026

Manuscript acceptance date: 28.05.2026

For citation:

Eremin V.V., Silvestrov S.N. Comparative advantages of the radio-electronic industries of Africa and South America // Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk. 2026. № 3. Pp. 133-156. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2026_3_133_156 EDN: OQUXXQ

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The Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences № 2/2026. World Economy and international economic relations. 

JATS XML

Viktor P. Klavdienko

Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Associate Professor, Leading Researcher, Faculty of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ORCID: 000-0001-5929-2755

Marina L. Luchko

Dr. Sci. (Econ.), Professor, Professor of the Faculty of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

ORCID: 0000-0001-5895-1712

THE EU’S SINGLE ENERGY MARKET: CONVERGENCE OR STATUS QUO…

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The article identifies the stages of creating a single energy market for the countries of the European Union (EU). It examines the strategy for creating an energy union of the EU countries, which defines five key areas for the development of the EU energy sector during the transition to a carbon-neutral economy (up to 2050). Differences in government support for «green» business in different EU countries have been identified. It is concluded that the state is increasingly intervening in the energy sector, using a wide range of direct and indirect instruments of influence.

Additionally, the evolution of the consumption patterns of primary fuel and energy resources (FER) in 27 current EU member states was studied for their differences (or similarities). Centrifugal trends in price variations for energy resources in different EU countries were identified. It was emphasized that a characteristic feature of energy supply in EU countries is the high share of energy imports, which, in the process of forming a single EU energy market, has not decreased, but is steadily increasing. As a result, it is concluded that energy based on renewable energy sources (RES) has its competitive advantages, but there are also certain risks associated with increasing the share of RES in the overall energy balance.

Keywords: European Union, single energy market, energy transition, sustainable development, world economy.

JEL: F18, H23, O52, Р28, Q43

EDN: PDMDWD

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2026_2_124_143

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Manuscript submission date: 03.12.2025

Manuscript acceptance date: 02.04.2026

For citation:

Klavdienko V.P., Luchko M.L. The EU’s single energy market: convergence or status quo… // Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk. 2026. № 2. Pp. 124-143. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2026_2_124_143 EDN: PDMDWD

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