This article, dedicated to the 95th anniversary of the Institute of Economics of the RAS, examines fundamental and applied research by the Institute of Economics staff on problems of money circulation and credit. It reflects issues related to: the theory of money and the theory of credit; the organization of money circulation and credit relations; regulation of inflation and inflation expectations; the development of the international monetary system and the choice of national exchange rate regimes; principles and prospects for the development of monetary and credit systems; the history of monetary and banking crises, as well as studies of monetary reforms.

The article was prepared for the 95th Anniversary of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and is devoted to the history of country studies (CS) at the Institute and the people who organized and conducted them. Historically, the Institute’s country studies had a mainly practical purpose, aimed at providing the agencies carrying out the foreign policy of the USSR with information on the political, economic and social processes taking place in the countries of the socialist world. In the course of this work, knowledge on the implementation of the socialist doctrine in countries of different social and economic levels was accumulated, which made it possible to develop proposals for the transfer of experience in building socialism and deepening of mutual cooperation. With the collapse of COMECON, and then the USSR, the subject matter and methodology of CS changed. Their content, against the backdrop of geopolitical uncertainty and growing competition, is determined by issues of transformation, regionalization and modernization. While maintaining an applied nature, these studies have acquired scientific and theoretical significance, important for understanding the possible directions of development of the various states in a rapidly changing world. For Russia in this context, neighboring states that have historically closely interacted with it play a special role. The article examines the features of the study of countries included in the European, Asian and post-Soviet segments of the Russian neighborhood belt.

The article examines the essence and features of the moral Russian political economy that formed in the 19th century. The author’s scientific hypothesis is proposed, according to which the previously existing prerequisites for the formation of moral Russian political economy determined the commitment of its adherents to the principles of social justice and moral and ethical norms of human existence in solving urgent problems of overcoming disproportions and crises in the development of economic life. Against the background of the implementation of this hypothesis, the rejection by Russian political economists of the 19th century of the Smithian metaphor about the allegedly always rational direction of the actions of a purely egoistic economic man by the “invisible hand”, that is, the omnipotent “objective economic laws” has been clearly revealed. The article demonstrates the opposition of the “Say’s law of markets”, which tells about the predetermination of the equilibrium of the free competition economy, the assertions of Russian scientists that the achievement of an equilibrium economy requires regulatory participation, from a moral position, participation in this process of society and the state. The decisive role in the formation of moral political economy in Russia of prominent domestic adherents of two political economic paradigms – the Smithian paradigm and utopian socialism – is shown.

One of the goals of energy development in the Russian Federation is to ensure energy security, the achievement of which requires an assessment of its level. At the moment, this is complicated by the obsolescence and subjectivity of existing methods. The paper analyzes the experience of energy security assessment and presents the author’s assessment methodology at the regional level. The calculations carried out on it made it possible to distribute the regions into three clusters at three levels of security. At the same time, in general, the level of energy security of Russian regions is decreasing in 2014-2023. The developed methodology is more objective and meaningful compared to existing ones due to the inclusion of indicators that have passed through the selection mechanism, the rejection of using thresholds and taking into account all indicators with equal weights.

Strengthening the telecommunications industry and achieving technological sovereignty in it is one of the key aspects of economic and national security, therefore, its state support is a very important factor of development. The study analyzes the state support of the industry in 2022-2024, suggests ways to improve it and directions for strengthening it. The conclusion is formulated that despite the barriers it has become one of the reasons for stabilization of the situation in the field of telecommunications, but in the long term the achievement of technological sovereignty implies the continuation of state stimulation of the industry. This could be facilitated by the use of complex nature of support, expansion of the number of mechanisms used and creation of the most favorable conditions for the production of telecommunication technologies and products based on them.

Our country currently faces very difficult tasks. Russian economy must find answers to new challenges in the context of a tough sanctions war. This article attempts to approach the study of public administration institutions as a set of formal and informal norms and rules in effect during the given period. The necessity for transformation of public administration institutions under the current global political and socio-economic conditions is substantiated. It is shown that, in the present context, solving this problem appears to be an essential condition for successful socio-economic development and for ensuring national security of our country. The goals of the transformation of public administration institutions are formulated, as well as the main objectives that must be accomplished as a result of the transformation of public administration institutions are specified.

Since October 2024, the key rate in the Russian Federation exceeds the profitability of a significant number of economic sectors, resulting in such risks as difficulty in lending, the possibility of sliding into recession, and the emergence of a monetary overhang due to individual deposit growth. Using the example of a similar situation in the USA in 1980–1982 with the help of the model of the shifting mode of reproduction (SMR model) the importance of additional commodity supply is shown, which was provided by a strong rise in import supplies. An alternative series of precautionary measures damping the negative effects of a key rate cut is also proposed. On possible options, approximate calculations of the consequences were made with the help of the SMR model.

The purpose of this study is to identify the role of the social contract as a factor influencing the redistribution of resources within the framework of international economic integration, the effectiveness of creating a common market, solving the problems of ensuring the sustainability of economic growth, inequality and unemployment. In the course of the work, it was scientifically substantiated that the effectiveness of international economic integration depends on the presence of a social contract at the supranational level, supported by the possibility of distributing part of the rent not only by the state, but also directly by the integration association, as well as the possibility of creating supranational inclusive institutions within the framework of a common market of goods, capital and labor.

The article examines modern research approaches to assessing the role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the economy of the Republic of Belarus. There are the results of the analysis of the main statistical indicators characterizing the activities of Belarusian SOEs. The study highlights key trends of their development and emphasizes dominant role of Belarusian SOEs in the national economy. The risks caused by the low efficiency of the management system are also emphasized.